Fix It

Motor mounts are important automobile parts used to protect the engine, transmission and surrounding components from damage. Motor mounts also reduce the amount of noise and vibration in the vehicle to improve passenger comfort.

Operation

Motor mounts secure the engine and transmission to the body of a vehicle. Motor mounts are made of two plates of steel joined by a large rubber block. One plate is attached to the engine or transmission and the other to the frame. The rubber block cushions the movements of the engine and transmission.

Hydraulic

Though less commonly used than the rubber block design, some motor mounts use hydraulic fluid to cushion the engine and transmission movements. These mounts also use two steel plates but are connected by a small hydraulic cylinder. Some hydraulic mounts adjust while driving to optimize the mounts performance.

Troubleshooting

A defective motor mount allows the engine and transmission to move too far and too quickly. During acceleration or heavy braking, the broken mount may create a thumping noise as the engine or transmission strikes the broken mount. Broken motor mounts should be immediately replaced before this excessive movement causes damage.

A free flow exhaust is a type of system installed in vehicles for increased power and a sporty look. They are designed to remove engine emissions more efficiently than standard exhaust systems.

Purpose

Free flow exhaust systems are designed for looks and increased efficiency and power in vehicles. They are typically made of 100 percent stainless steel, which offers a nice sporty look. They weigh less than standard exhaust systems, which helps account for increased fuel economy and improvement in acceleration.

Process

Exhaust systems are used for removing spent gas from a vehicles engine; theore exhaust systems play a role in engine tuning and performance. A free flow system allows the spent gas to exit the vehicle more efficiently by changing the pipes used in the system and installing an intercooler between the engine and the exhaust.

Benefits

With a free flow exhaust system, a smoother removal of spent gas is offered. Because of this, vehicle owners notice an improvement in the overall way their vehicle runs. These systems promote better gas mileage and increased acceleration as well.

The first Dodge Rams rolled out of the factory in 1981, and Dodge has continued to improve and redesign its heavy-duty pickup truck ever since. Dodge introduced the current generation of Rams in 2009. The 2010 Ram was available in several two-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive trims in the 1500, 2500, 3500, 4500 and 5500 weight classes. However, the toe-in specs were the same for all trims of the Ram 1500. Likewise, all other trims of the 2010 Dodge Ram shared the same toe-in specs.

Toe

The toe of a wheel ers to the angle of the wheel in relation to the vehicles centerline. If the front of a wheel is angled inward toward the centerline, then the wheel has toe-in. If the front of a wheel angles outward away from the centerline, then the vehicle has toe-out. Most vehicles are designed for the wheels to toe in slightly. Toe is the most important alignment spec in terms of tire wear. If a wheel has the toe misaligned by just a fraction of a degree, it can significantly reduce the life of a tire. The toe is adjustable on the front ends of all trims of the 2010 Dodge Ram. It is not adjustable on the rear because the Rams come with a fixed rear axle. The specs provided below apply only to the 2010 Dodge Ram and should not be used on other model years, because alignment specs can change from year to year.

The 2010 Ram 1500

The same toe-in specs apply to all two-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive trims of the 2010 Dodge Ram 1500, regardless of whether the truck came with 17-inch tires or 20-inch tires. The ideal toe-in setting is +0.1 degrees but it can vary by 0.36 degrees in either direction.

All Other Trims and Models of the 2010 Ram

All other trims of the 2010 Dodge Ram, including the Ram 2500, the Ram 3500, the Ram 3500 Heavy Duty Chassis-Cab, the Ram 4500 Heavy Duty Chassis-Cab and the Ram 5500 Heavy Duty Chassis Cab, came with the same toe-in specs. The specs were the same for Box Off and standard trims. The ideal setting for the toe-in is +0.2 degrees but it can range by 0.1 degree in either direction.

Original equipment manufacturer car parts are identical to the parts installed in cars at the time theyre built. OEM is a term used when erring to these types of car parts.

Description

Most automobile makers do not manufacture the car parts used in the production of the vehicles they build. Hired manufacturing companies are used for this purpose.

Process

The OEM company builds the parts and puts them in boxes with the car manufacturers name on them. Customers may theore believe they are buying a part directly built by the car manufacturer.

Features

After a specified period of time, varying by manufacturer, the car parts manufactured by OEMs no longer are placed in boxes with the car manufacturers name. At this time, the parts are placed in boxes with only the OEM companys name on it. The parts are identical, but cost less because the brand name is no longer on the package.

A hissing noise coming from the engine of your vehicle combined with liquid spillage from the car can mean trouble for your vehicles exhaust or intake manifold. Such signs can be symptomatic of a manifold leak, which is when your exhaust or intake manifold leaks oil or coolant. If you notice a manifold leak, its important to stop the leak immediately because it can pose a hazard to the passengers in the vehicle.

Repairing the Manifold

If the manifold is leaking due to damage to the exhaust or intake manifold, or the general wear and tear of it, then the most effective way to stop the manifold leak is to repair and replace the manifold. A manifold can be removed from the vehicle and replaced with something new so that the vehicle no longer leaks. If the manifold just has some small cracks in it that are causing the leak, another repair alternative is to have the cracks welded together rather than purchasing and installing a new manifold.

New Gasket

A new gasket that seals the manifold is one way to stop a manifold leak. If a gasket is cracked, it is no longer able to seal and maintain the connection with the manifold, thereby creating a gap between the manifold and the exhaust pipe. Shear stress to the gasket of the manifold is part of the normal wear and tear of the vehicle due to the thermal contraction and expansion that happens each time the engine is turned on and off.

Sealant Solution

You can try to stop a manifold leak by coating the gasket or manifold with a leak sealant. Leak sealants, which are available at auto repair shops, are applied directly onto the affected area of the vehicle and act as a means of sealing the leak so that no more fluid can be lost. This solution is simpler than attempting to replace the manifold or gasket.

Accurate Assessment

A manifold leak can only be stopped if youve isolated the problem accurately. If you misdiagnose the cause for the leak, or think its the exhaust manifold when its really the intake manifold, then you risk prolonging the repair and, meanwhile, the vehicle continues to lose fluids. An accurate assessment is necessary for stopping a manifold leak, so its important to learn how to diagnose and troubleshoot the problems and locate the source of the leak.

While the computerized engine management systems that run todays cars are extremely complex and require increasing specialized diagnostic equipment and tools, all gasoline-burning engines must still have spark plugs. The plugs allow a properly timed spark of electricity to jump through the flammable mixture introduced into the top of the piston chamber, causing ignition. Ascertaining their condition is done more through familiarity and interpretive knowledge than through the use of a single piece of equipment.

Know Your Plugs

The terms cold plug and hot plug are often used, and a knowledge of what to expect from the plug is necessary in determining its condition. The terms er to the ability of the material that the plug is made from to transfer heat, in this instance from the point at which the spark occurs into the engine block for dissipation. A cold plug transfers heat quickly and does not work well at extremely high temperatures. A hot plug transfers heat poorly, allowing heat to build up to approximately 1,550 degrees Fahrenheit, and is designed to work in that way; hot plugs are less susceptible to fouling because they burn off contamination. Identification is a question of experience: In general, hot plugs have longer insulator tips.

Visual Condition

Always allow an engine to fully cool before attempting any service work, including the removal of spark plugs. If the insulator tip of a plug that has been in service looks pale gray, or pale gray with a yellow or brown tint, the engine is running correctly, the spark plug gap is set correctly and the plug is torqued correctly into the receiver. Dull, black carbonization on the tip suggests that too-cold plugs are in use, and they should be replaced with hotter-running units. As with all visual indications, this symptom could also indicate problems elsewhere in the engine, in this instance a bad fuel mixture. Melting at the electrode indicates either that the plug was incorrectly torqued into position or that the heat range of the plug is not as suggested for the engine.

Gapping

The space between the electrode and the insulator tip must be exact for the plug to function correctly. Spark plug gap-testing tools are a set of wafer-thin blades -- each blade looks something like a fingernail cleaner -- that rotate on a pivot in and out of a case. These tools used to be ubiquitous in every do-it-yourselfers and professionals kit, but modern engines and plug technology have made them all but redundant. New plugs are now delivered with the gap precisely set and do not deform under any but the most extreme of engine conditions. If a modern spark plug gap changes under use, that is a symptom, not a cause; the cause must be determined by engine diagnostics and the plug set replaced after rectification of the fault.

Equipment

An array of equipment is available to test spark plug condition, but the visual checks suggested and a regular maintenance schedule make the investment practically unnecessary, even for the professional. The spark plug gapping tool is, as noted, all but redundant in modern vehicle maintenance practices. Working according to the manufacturers instructions, it is possible to use a volt-ohmmeter to ascertain the circuit load.

Voltage Testing

Metered spark gap testers are available that plug into the coil to measure the jump of the spark. Capable of handling current between 0 and 40,000 volts, the tool diagnoses faults in the coil, the ignition wires and the plugs.

Testing Spark Plug Wires

Inline spark testers that use a bulb do not give a metered reading, but they do give an instant indication of whether a coil-wire-plug circuit is operational. The device is inserted between the plug and the wire, after you have first removed the wire from the top of the plug. When the engine is turned over a bulb flashes if the circuit is functional but does not flash if it is faulty. Compact ignition testers are extremely simple to use to verify that there is a spark to the plug. Fitted into a plug wire end and clamped to the engine, they should spark when the engine is turned over. If they do not, there is a problem upstream of the device.

MAP is an acronym for manifold absolute pressure. A MAP sensor is an electronic control that works in conjunction with the intake manifold, a system of tubes and chambers that carry a mixture of air and fuel to the intake valves.

Function

A MAP sensor measures the pressure of the air channeled to the carburetor before it passes through the intake manifold. The signal that the MAP sensor emits changes in accordance to the pressure it detects.

Signals and Changes

The MAP sensors signals helps the engine control module determine what changes need to be made in the fuel mixture. these changes include how much fuel is injected and when cylinders are ignited.

Importance of Readings

Without accurate readings from the MAP sensor the proper air-fuel mixture is not maintained. This has a direct effect on the performance of the engine.

Faulty MAP Sensors

If the MAP sensor malfunctions, the "Check Engine" light should come on, although it may not stay lit. Engine performance will be drastically reduced. One common performance issue is hesitation when attempting to accelerate. This is a result of the loss of horsepower that is characteristic of a vehicle has a bad MAP sensor.

Bad MAP sensors also contribute to an increase of auto emissions.

Solenoids are used in a variety of systems, but most commonly in cars. Starters in particular use solenoids. Often when a vehicles starter is malfunctioning the solenoid is the problem.

Definition of a Solenoid

Solenoids are a type of electric motor. They are commonly used in cars as heavy duty relays. The technical definition of a solenoid is a device or motor that can produce back and forth, or linear, motion when a force is applied. Solenoids will respond to hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical force.

Solenoids as Actuators in Cars

Solenoids are mainly used in cars as actuators. A solenoid will move a component a certain distance after electricity has been applied. Starters are probably the most common actuator component. Another common usage in vehicles is as a relay. A solenoid closes a circuit when electricity is applied.

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Types of Solenoids

Solenoids can also be used in propane, nitrous-injections and propane systems. Fuel injectors are also solenoid valves. There are different types of solenoids. The push type uses a spring to hold the solenoid closed; it opens when voltage is applied. The pull type pushes out a solenoid arm when electricity is applied. A third type is push/pull, which works in both directions.

Solenoid Mechanics

A solenoid has a coil set that it uses to induce a magnetic field on a permanent magnet. The magnet will either be attracted or repelled when power is applied to the coil. In a car, the solenoid in the starter is a relay which moves metal contacts into place which closes a circuit. The solenoid is sent an electrical current when the ignition key is turned. This triggers the magnetic field of the solenoid that pulls on the contacts, closing the circuit.

A ball joint links the console arms of the front and rear suspensions to the wheel hub assemblies of your vehicle. In some vehicles, the ball joints connect all components of the suspension.

Significance

Rear ball joints are sometimes used in vehicles that are front-wheel drive and have independent suspensions. In some newer vehicles, the rear suspension is assembled with ball joints to link all parts of the suspension together.

Function

The ball-and-socket design of the ball joint provides swivel room for the knuckles of the joint as the wheels of the vehicle are steered. It also allows the suspension to handle changes in the road as the vehicle is moving.

Considerations

If there is a problem with the ball joint, you might hear a knocking noise when your vehicle goes over small bumps in the road. Erratic steering and wandering are also indicators of problems with the ball joint.

The catalytic converter is part of an automobiles exhaust system. Its function is to convert carbon monoxide and other organic compounds into less environmentally harmful emissions, such as carbon dioxide and water. The catalytic converter helps reduce automotive pollutants and toxic emissions.

History

In the late 1960s, California and other states began requiring the automotive industry to reduce the level of emissions released by cars and trucks. By 1975, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and federal government established stringent regulations for the reduction of emissions. As a result, automotive engineers designed and developed an external converter through which gases would pass and be altered to less harmful products. Today nearly all internal combustion engine vehicles use catalytic converters.

Defining a Catalyst

A catalyst is a substance that allows a chemical reaction to occur at a faster rate or different temperature than it would under normal conditions. In a cars catalytic converter, the surface of the converter (part of the exhaust system) is coated with platinum or rhodium which serves as the catalyst in combination with high heat.

What Happens

Automotive exhaust, which is produced by the internal combustion engine, is a combination of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, organic compounds and water vapor. As the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, it undergoes a chemical reaction when it comes into contact with the catalyst. The catalyst separates the nitrogen atoms from the oxygen and alters the other organic compounds. The gases are modified into less harmful byproducts and released into the environment.

Location

While the exact location varies by make and model of vehicle, the catalytic converter is mounted with the exhaust system. Typically, it is placed near the vehicles engine between the exhaust manifold and the exhaust pipes where fumes can pass through it before being released into the environment. Heat plates separate the catalytic converter from the exhaust manifold, protecting the vehicles engine from high heat.

Unlike the first mass-produced cars of a century ago, cars today have advanced control systems that are computer dependent. Being computer dependent, more and more information about how the car is functioning goes to the on-board computer. The vehicle speed sensors are the gatherers of this information.

Vehicle Speed Sensor Description

Cars manufactured today are dependent on on-board computers. The computer receives the information it needs to have a car operate properly from strategically located vehicle speed sensors. Most vehicle speed sensors are of the permanent magnet type. They function similarly to a cam shaft or crankshaft sensor. The installed sensors are either in the transmission case or rear differential assembly. When a speed sensor fails, the cars check engine light comes on and a code goes to the computer and can be read at a service station.

Locating Speed Sensors

This code indicates which sensor has failed and what the problem is. Occasionally, a sensor will fail without sending a code. If the driveability of the car is suspect, say the power steering isnt working and the ABS brakes are stuttering, a mechanic can check the vehicles manual and quickly find if the same speed sensor is controlling both modules.

Speed Sensors Control Many Functions

Modules or functions that use information from vehicle speed sensors include the variable assist power steering unit where the information from a speed sensor regulates the power steering pressure with higher pressure at low speeds and vice versa. This makes things like parallel parking maneuvers easier.

A cars anti-lock braking system (ABS) also uses information from a speed sensor to decide when a wheel has locked up and thus commands the ABS to cut pressure in order for the driver to maintain control of the car. While some cars use separate sensors for the ABS, it is common that the computer uses the information from the wheel sensors to act as a vehicle speed sensor. For example, many newer Ford vehicles use a rear axle mounted speed sensor for ABS and vehicle speed functions that are computer related.

Both traditional and hybrid cars use information from vehicle speed sensors for the speedometer display.

Many new cars have developed suspension systems that use vehicle speed sensor information to control the height of the ride. They adjust the ride down for better control at higher speeds for improved maneuverability.

Automatic transmissions must have the information from a vehicle speed sensor to decide shift strategy.

Additionally, cruise control depends on speed sensor information to know when to engage and when to disengage, as well as when to cruise at a set speed.

All Electronic Engine Control (EEC) systems use some speed sensor information to perform their tasks.

In the early 1900s, people had to start their vehicles by turning a large crank at the front of the vehicle. In 1911, Cadillac approved Charles F. Ketterings design of the electric starter for its 1912 model year cars. Replacing a starter can be a difficult task in some vehicles, and it can be frustrating when the car does not start after all of your work. There are four main reasons for your car not cranking when you just got a new starter for it.

Incorrect Wiring

There are three wires that connect to the rear of the starter solenoid on most cars. If you forgot to label these wires and incorrectly reinstalled them, the starter will not work at all. Double-check the wiring of the starter against a wiring schematic for the starting system and adjust it, as needed.

Electrical Shorts

Any time you replace any electrical component on your vehicle that has constant voltage from the battery, you must disconnect the battery prior to servicing it. If you left the battery connected while installing the starter, it is possible for you to unintentionally touch the power and ground cables together. This may cause a short inside the battery or in the wiring, resulting in the car not starting. Check the voltage coming into the starter, using a voltmeter. If little or no voltage comes into the starter, inspect the wires and battery for shorts.

Misdiagnosis

It is possible that the starter was not the problem to begin with. If not correctly diagnosed, it is easy to mistake many other problems with starter failure. Some problems that result in similar symptoms as a failed starter include, but are not limited to: failed ignition switch, discharged battery, loose battery cables, security system failure, failed starter solenoid (if separate) or damaged flywheel or flexplate.

Faulty Starter

When the manufacturer builds a new starter or rebuilds an old starter, it tests the starters prior to shipping them to retail stores or end-users. This testing typically catches any failed starters prior to shipment, but human error does allow for a small percentage of failed starters to ship out. After checking the areas described in the three previous sections, remove the starter and take it to a local parts store to have it tested. In the future, have all electro-mechanical components tested before installing them.

When buying an alternator, or other car part, many consumers are surprised to learn that they are charged a core deposit. However, the deposit is returned when the old alternator is returned to the parts store.

How it Works

When buying a new alternator, the buyer pays the price of the alternator plus a deposit. After the new alternator is put onto the car, the buyer can exchange the old alternator for the deposit.

Conditions

The conditions for the old alternator to be accepted will vary depending on store policy. Information on the core return should be given at the time of purchase and is often included on the receipt. Most cores must be returned in rebuildable condition, within a set amount of time and in the box that the new part was sold in.

Core Deposit Purpose

The reason parts stores want the old alternator is that it will be sent to be remanufactured and resold. Parts stores charge the core deposit to assure that they receive the old part.

The Chrysler HEMI engine was first manufactured in the 1950s. Variables in piston design include the piston type, piston pin types and number of rings found on each piston.

HEMI Engines

Hemispherically-shaped combustion engines (HEMIs), first manufactured by Chrysler in the 1950s, were further developed in the 1960s and 1970s. Newer versions are considered lightweight compared to similar engines.

Types

Chrysler HEMI engines use a horizontal slot piston with a steel strut. They use free floating piston pins and have three rings per piston. They are manufactured using an aluminum alloy with a tin coat.

Longevity

Some Chrysler HEMI engine blocks, such as the 6.1-liter engine, come with revised coolant channels and oil jets used to cool the pistons. This decreases wear and increases the devices longevity.

"Transmission slip" is a term used to describe a transmission that is not operating properly. A slipping transmission adds stress to the transmission and other drive-train components and if not promptly repaired can cause serious problems.

Definition

A slipping transmission is a transmission that is slow to respond when put into gear or when shifting gears. When the transmission slips, the engine often revs quickly as if the car had been put into neutral, but the car does not accelerate.

Causes

The most common cause of a slipping transmission is low transmission fluid due to a leak. As the fluid level falls, there is not enough transmission fluid to properly operate the transmission. Transmission fluid breakdown and wear of the transmission gears may also cause the transmission to slip.

Repair

When a transmission slip is noticed, a car owner should check the transmission fluid level and add fluid if the level is low. If the transmission fluid is not low and the car is due for a transmission fluid change, the car owner should change the fluid. If the transmission continues to slip, the car owner should consult with a trusted transmission repair shop.

Batteries cables must be hooked up correctly when charging a battery while it is in or outside of the vehicle. The red cable is connected to the positive (+) battery terminal and the black cable is connected to the negative (-) terminal or to the car frame.

Battery to Battery

When the battery cables are hooked up with the negative to the positive and positive to the negative terminals, the battery can explode. This is true for the battery being charged and the battery in another car being used to supply the charge.

Battery Charger

A battery charger that is being used to charge a dead battery will be damaged if the positive and negative cables are hooked up incorrectly. The current to the battery charger will burn out component inside the charger.

Injury

A battery can explode when the cables are hooked up backwards. Anyone standing near the battery when it explodes could be seriously injured. Battery explosions can cause burns, permanent disfiguration and blindness.

Gauges on the instrument panel of your vehicle serve as safety indicators for speed, fuel and engine malfunction. The first padded instrument panel was introduced in 1956 as part of a safety campaign by Robert McNamara. Fast forward to the 2000s and all symbols on the instrument panel flash briefly upon starting, but a light that is constantly on or flashing needs immediate attention.

Electronic Throttle Control Warning Light

According to the Dodge Charger owners manual, the lightning bolt symbol on a Dodge Charger is the indicator for the electronic throttle control. The electronic throttle control regulates engine idle speed, traction control and cruise.

Warning Indicator Solid Light

If the lightning bolt on the instrument panel lights up and stays lit when the engine is running, stop the vehicle as soon as possible. The vehicle will be drivable, but see an authorized dealer without delay.

Warning Indicator Flashing Light

If the electronic throttle control light is on solid, completely stop the vehicle and put it in park. The warning light should turn off by cycling the ignition key. If the light comes on again and flashes when the engine is running, the car should be immediately serviced. The engine could stall or have a very rough idle and may need to be towed.

If there is ever a strong smell of engine exhaust in the vehicle, it means there is an exhaust leak somewhere toward the front side of the vehicle. It is imperative to have the exhaust fixed immediately as engine exhaust contains carbon monoxide, which will poison you. If the vehicle must be driven, drive with all windows down and the heating/air conditioning turned off to limit your exposure to the noxious fumes. There are several places exhaust fumes could leak from that would find their way into the cabin.

Exhaust Manifolds

With the engine running, check the exhaust manifolds for any leaks (remember exhaust is very hot and will burn you so do not touch it until the engine has completely cooled). Potentially, there could be leaks between the exhaust manifold and the cylinder head, or the exhaust manifold and the exhaust down pipe. If leaks are found, replace the leaking gasket. Inspect the exhaust manifold for extreme corrosion; in rare cases, exhaust manifolds have been known to corrode and may need to be replaced altogether.

EGR Valve

The exhaust gas recirculation valve directs exhaust back into the intake manifold. If the EGR valve gasket has failed, it will begin to leak exhaust gas, which may find its way into the cabin. Check around the EGR valve for any gasket leak, as well as the piping leading to the EGR valve for any corrosion or damage.

Catalytic Converter and Gasket

If the catalytic converter becomes plugged, it will create intense back pressure that can cause the mating gasket between the exhaust pipe and the catalytic converter to fail and leak exhaust fumes. Even from under the car, these noxious fumes can make their way into the vehicle cabin. Check for any exhaust leaks around the mounting point between the exhaust pipe and catalytic converter.

Leaking Exhaust Pipes

Over time, exhaust pipes can corrode and develop rust holes, especially in states that use salt for ice and snow control in the winter. Visually inspect all pipe from the engine back for any extreme corrosion or damage from other road conditions and replace as necessary.

Vehicle sensors communicate engine performance information to a cars on board computer. This information can take the form of a diagnostic trouble code, or DTC, like the code described as "Lack of HO2S21 Switch-Adaptive Fuel at Limit."

Identification

The HO2S21 code, also referred to as P1130, is specific to Ford Motor Companys computer codes. It references the failure of heated oxygen sensors, numbered one and two, within the vehicles emissions system.

Meaning of Failure Code

The P1130 trouble code occurs once the heated oxygen sensor, or sensors, fails to switch between reports of a rich or lean oxygen amount vented from the engines combustion chamber. This code points to either a problem with the sensors themselves or a malfunction within the emissions system.

Considerations

The sensors electrical supply may be compromised by water damage to the sensors harness, or a failure of the entire sensor.

An integrated starter generator (ISG) is the combination of a starter, generator and flywheel system into one auto part. It is used to enhance fuel efficiency and vehicle performance on automobiles with combustion engines.

Purpose

When a vehicle comes to a complete stop, the integrated starter generator switches the engine off. When the accelerator is pressed, it starts the engine again, thereby saving gas that is usually wasted when a vehicle is in idle.

Benefits

Integrated starter generators offer faster vehicle cranking than a 12-volt starter. Also, they save fuel by reducing idling time when a vehicle is stopped.

Other Functions

Regenerative braking -- which happens when a vehicle decelerates by way of electric power -- is aided by the integrated starter generator. Also, the ISG functions as an alternator by generating electric power in a running vehicle and charging the battery.